LAST POST.

Dear readers,

This blog was built for school project. So, no posts will be published anymore. 

This is the last post.

Cheers,

Emily

BLOG

"Blog" adalah singkatan dari web log yang sering diartikan banyak orang sebagai buku diary online. Namun sebenarnya blog lebih dari sekedar diary dan informasi di dalamnya berisi informasi apa saja, mulai dari catatan harian, menceritakan pengalaman pribadi dan lainnya. 

Blog pertama kali posting tentang robot wisdom di website pribadinya.

Beberapa istilah yang dihubungkan dengan blog adalah 

• Blogging
  Proses membuat blog atau mengupdate blog
• Blogger
  Seseorang melakukan aktifitas blogging
• Blaudience
  Pengunjung atau pembaca blog
• Celeblog
  Blog yang banyak menulis tentang kehidupan para selebritis, bintang film, musisi dan lainnya yang berhubungan dengan dunia hiburan.

Lesser-Known Wonders

A lot of amazing structures have been made through the ages. But, not all of them earned a place in history. Some stand forgotten, while many were lost to natural calamities. However, their ruins still speak of their past glory.

THE THRONE HALL OF PERSEPOLIS, IRAN

Persopolis was excavated in early 1930's

The second largest building of the Persepolis, 'The Throne Hall' was founded in the 6th century BC by the kings of the First Persian Empire as their capital. This Throne Hall was also known as the 'Takht-e-Jamshid' or the 'Hundred Column Hall'. It had several doorways, adorned with the carvings of the king in military combat. The city of Persepolis was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1979.

THE PYRAMID OF THE SUN, MEXICO

This terraced pyramid rises over 200 feet above the city, and is considered to be the birthplace of the Sun. It was built in 2 AD along with the surrounding city of Teotihuacan and the Pyramid of the Moon. The Pyramid of the Sun is the third largest pyramid in the world.

The Pyramid of the Sun was believed to be a natural cave.

THE PETRA, JORDAN

Dushara was the chief god
if the city of Petra.

Petra was famous for its many beautiful buildings and majestic rock temples. It became an important trading center around 100 AD when the Romans took over. The Deir was the largest temple in Petra. Carved from the sandstone rock, it was more than 130 feet high.

THE AZTEC TEMPLE, MEXICO

It is believed that the Aztec
Temple was renovated enlarge several times.

The Greater Temple of Aztecs (Mexicans) is undoubtedly one of the greatest treasures lost forever. There is nothing left of the temple except for a few ruins.

FUN FACTS! The temple complex of Borobudur is designed like a lotus. The entire temple has more than 500 statues of the Buddha in a sitting position.

Modern Wonders

With the advent of modern engineering tools, constructing building has become much more mechanised and faster. As a result, engineers are taking up more challenges and experimenting with unusual structures and newer building materials.

WORLD TRADE CENTER, NEW YORK, USA

About 200,000 tons of steel was used to build the World
Trade Center.

A complex of seven buildings designed around a central plaza was best known for its 110 storey high, Twin Towers. Designed to be the tallest buildings in the world, tower one was completed 1972, followed by tower two in 1973. With the highest point of these buildings being 1,368 and 1362 feet respectively, they were the tallest in the world, before the Petronas Twin Towers took over, followed by Taipei 101. This building was, however, destroyed in a terrorist attack in 2001.

THE GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, U.S.A

The Golden Gate Bridge, USA

The Golden Gate Bridge, built in 1973, link San Fransisco with Marin Country. It is 27 kms long, and has a six lane-road and sidewalks. The towers, on either side, hold up two steel cables from which the bridge hangs.

THE PANAMA CANAL

This was a centuries-old dream of uniting two great oceans, the Atlantic and the Pacific, for the purpose of the trade and travel. Built across the Isthmus of Panama, and completed in 1914, the canal is about 64.8 km (40 miles) long.

THE EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE

This tower was designed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel for the great Paris Exhibition of 1889. It is about 1000 feet tall, and has survived numerous demolition attempts and natural calamities. Now, of course, no one would even dream of suggesting its demolition, since it is such an important landmark in Paris.

The Eiffel Tower is the tallest
structure in Paris.

FUN FACTS ! Kansai International Airport, Osaka Bay, Japan, is the first offshore airport in the world. Can you imagine an airport in the sea??

THE BIG BEN, LONDON, BRITAIN

The four clocks of the Big
Ben are 55 meters above the ground.

This is the most famous clock in the world, with the biggest bell weighing 13.5  tons. The Clock Tower, which is about 320 feet high, and also known as the 'St. Stephen's Tower', is a part of the House of Parliament. Built in 1858-59, the clock's four dials have a diameter of 23 feet each. Did you know that there is alight at the top of the tower, which when it lit, it indicates that the House of Commons is sitting.



MOUNT RUSHMORE NATIONAL MEMORIAL, U.S.A

Mount Rushmore is the most important
tourist destination of South Dakota.

One of the world's greatest mountain carvings, Mount Rushmore is a 60-feet sculpture of the four great American presidents-George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln. A tribute to democracy, the sculptor, Guzton Borglum, completed this masterpiece in about 14 years. Work on the carving started in 1927 and ended in 1941.

 CHANNEL TUNNEL

This is the world's longest undersea tunnel. Completed in 1994, the tunnel is about 50 kms long. 38 kms of the tunnel are under the English Channel, between England and France. Truly a modern engineering wonder.




THE HOOVER DAM, U.S.A

Hoover Dam is also known as
the 'Boulder Dam'.

This 726 feet high dam was built across the Colorado river between 1930-36. It was named after the American President, Herbert Hoover. Hoover Dam was chosen as a National Historic Landmark in 1985.



THE CN TOWER TORONTO, CANADA

The word CN stands for Canada's National.

In the late 1960's, Toronto's soaring skyline began to play havoc with signals from conventional transmission towers. To improve the situation, Canada National Railways, or the CN, proposed building a transmission tower that would be higher than Toronto's tallest buildings. About 1,815.5 feet tall, this tower was completed in 1976.

FUN FACTS! The CN Tower is almost twice as tall as the Eiffel Tower. It is almost more than three times the height of Washington Monument.

Medieval Wonders

In the past, kings got the state architects and builders to design and construct some of the most wonderful buildings. However, only some of them could withstand the ravages of time. Down the years, these wonderful structures found their place in history

THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA

The Great Wall of China is only a few metres wide.

Though the construction of 'The Great Wall of China' was initiated by Emperor Shi Huangdi in about 221 BBC, it was Qin dynasty (221-206 BBC) that hastened the work towards its completion. The work lasted for centuries, and each successive dynasty added to the height, length, and breadth of the wall. Today, with a length of over 7000 km, it is one of the longest structures ever built in the world.

THE CATACOMBS OF KOM EL SHOQAFA, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT

Built a burial grounds, there were a number of catacombs Egypt. However, these lied undiscovered for centuries. The catacomb of Kom el Shoqafa hd three levels with a spiral staircase. It also had a seperate aea for hosting a feast in the memory of the dead. Many beautiful sculptures adorned the walls of this catacomb.

 




THE PARTHENON, ATHENS, GREECE

Like most Greek temples,
the Parthenon was used as a treasury.

This amazing temple, perched on Acropolis hill, was built between 447 BC to 432 BC. It was dedicated to the city's patron-goddess, Athena Parthenos. There are eight columns at each end and 17 columns along each side. Inside the temple, there are two chambers - one fr the statue of the goddess and the other for the temple treasury.

THE STONEHENGE, BRITAIN

The Stonehenge complex was built almost
over a period of 2,000 years.

The Stonehenge, is approximately 5000 years old! However, what we see today are the ruins of the original monument. One wonders how such big pieces of stone were carried to this place without the help of machines! The purpose of these stone pillars and ditches is not clear, though,historians claim that it could have been used as an almanac or a calendar.

FUN FACTS! The largest stones at stonehenge are nearly 9m high and weigh over 45 tonnes

Ancient Cities

Most of the earliest known human settlements existed either on the banks of a river or very close to it. It was the capital city that thrived more than the other cities since it was the seat of power. The capital also became the cultural and the economics hub. Over the centuries, most of the ancient cities have completely disappeared, and what remains of them are just the ruins. These ruins convey a lot about the place and the age in which they existed. They also give us an idea about the lifestyle of its inhabitants, trade and commerce, and the social customs that were followed at that particular time.

CHANG'AN CHINA

Chang'an was one of the largest and the most
populous cities in the world.

Chinese's art

Chang'an, meaning 'Perpetual Peace' also known as Xi'an, was the capital city of China during the reign of the Han dynasty. About 3,100 years old, the city was surrounded by a wall. The remains of the forts recall the grandeur of a bygone era.

MOHENJO DARO AND HARAPPA

Various works of art excavated,
indicate that the people of this civilisation
had fine artistic sensibilities.

Located partly in Pakistan and partly in western India, the Indus Valley Civilisation thrived thousands of years ago. It was the largest of the four ancient civilisations-Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Indian and Chinese. The ruins of the city throw light on the meticulous city planning with straight streets, central baths, good water supply, and proper drainage and sewage system. Today, efforts are being made to protect the ruins from further damage.

POMPEII, ITALY

Nearly 20,000 people inhabited Pompeii
at the time of the eruption.

The ruins of Pompeii were found near Naples in modern Italy. Pompeii was a thriving trade centre and a prosperous town before it was completely destroyed, when Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD. The volcanic eruption buried the city under several feet of volcanic ash, and it was lost for almost 1,600 years, before it's ruins were discovered accidently. The excavation of the Pompeii ruins have thrown light on a city, which was a thriving centre of the Roman Empire. Today, it is one of Italy's leading tourist attractions and a UN World Heritage site.

FUN FACTS! The ancient city of Caral is Peru about 4,600 years old. The excavated city had six large pyramid was about 60 feet high and had a huge base, 500 feet long and 450 feet wide.

Ancient Wonders

Seven Wonders

THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA, EGYPT

The Great Pyramid of Giza is 454 feet high.

This giant tomb was the burial place of Khufu, an Egyptian pharaoh, about 4500 years ago. It is a four-sided pyramid made entirely of stone. The pyramid made entirely o stone. The pyramid was build as an almanac and can measure the length of the year. The pyramid proves the mastery that ancient Egyptians had over mathematics and astronomy. 

There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The so-called Queen's Chamber and King's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. The Great Pyramid of Giza is the only pyramid in Egypt known to contain both ascending and descending passages. The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honor of Khufu (one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile), three smaller pyramids for Khufu's wives, an even smaller "satellite" pyramid, a raised causeway connecting the two temples, and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles.


THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON

Water from the river Tigris was pumped to irrigate
the plants and teh trees at the Hanging Garden.

The Hanging Garden was located on the bank of River Euphrates and was built by the King Nebuchadnezzar II in about 605 BC. The Garden was built on high terraces with green leaves and branches growing all over the walls. The garden had been built to please his Persian wife, Amytis since she missed the greenery of her native country.





THE STATUE OF ZEUS OLYMPIA, GREECE

The throne of Zeus was decorated with gold,
precious stones, ebony, and ivory

The colossal statue of god Zeus seated on a throne is approximately 40 feet tall and 20 feet wide at the base. Covered with gold and ivory, it was made by the famous Athenian sculptor, Phidias, in about 435 BC. With God Zeus' head almost touching the ceiling of the temple, you can imagine what would have happened, if Zeus would have decided to stand up!

FUN FACTS! Phidias used to craft his statues in his studio and later assemble them at a site. This explains why the giant statue of Zeus looked bigger than the temple in which it had been place.

THE MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASSUS, TURKEY

For years, it was the beauty of the Mausoleum rather
than it's size that attracted visitors to this tomb.

Built as a burial monument for King Mausolus of Caria by his wife Queen Artemisia, this 130 feet high tomb had a huge statues of the king and his wife. The roof was shaped like a pyramid and it had a carved chariot on top, pulled by four horses. This tomb became so famous that from then on all the large tombs are called 'mausoleums'.




THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS AT EPHESUS, TURKEY

The Temple of Artemis was burnt down by a man named
Herostratus, in order to immortalise his name.

Croesus, the King of Lydia had a temple built in about 550 BC. Constructed at Ephesus (present day Turkey), it was built in honour of Artemis, the Greek goddess of hunting and birth. The Romans worshipped this goddess as Diana. With 106 marble columns, elaborate marble sculptures, carvings and paintings, this temple was an amazing architectural masterpiece.

The first sanctuary (temenos) antedated the Ionic immigration by many years, and dates to the Bronze Age. Callimachus, in his Hymn to Artemis, attributed it to the Amazons. In the 7th century the old temple was destroyed by a flood. Its reconstruction began around 550 BC, under the Cretan architect ChersiphronMetagenes, at the expense of Croesus of Lydia: the project took 10 years to complete, only to be destroyed in an act of arson by a young arsonist seeking fame named Herostratus. It was later rebuilt.

THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES, GREECE

The fallen statue of Colossus was left untouched,
until 653 AD. Raiding Arabs broke up the remains and
sold the bronze for scrap

Located in Greece, this was a giant 108 feet high statue of the Greek Sun god, Helios. It took about 12 years to complete and had a stone and iron framework with an outer shell of bronze. The statue collapsed in an earthquake in 226 BBC, having stood for just about 20 years. It was constructed to celebrate Rhodes' victory over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I Monophthalmus, who unsuccessfully besieged Rhodes in 305 BC.


THE PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT 

With an estimated height of 383-400 feet, the Pharaos
of Alexandria was considered the tallest man-made
structure for many centuries.

This 500 feet high lighthouse was located on the island of Pharos, at the entrance to the Alexandria harbour, Egypt. Being so huge and well lit, it was able to guide ships for long distances. This impressive wonder lasted all of 1500 years!

FUN FACTS! In ancient times, the Greek city used to hold sporting events every four years, just like the Olympic games held today. These games were held in honour of Zeus.